The biology
The polymerase chain reaction denatures the DNA, anneals two primers, extends with a heat-stable polymerase, and repeats about forty cycles — each cycle doubling the number of copies, so the target is amplified as 2ⁿ. Finding a clone from a known protein uses degenerate probes: a short peptide such as Met-Cys-His-Trp-Lys-Met has 1×2×2×1×2×1 = 8 possible coding sequences because of the code's redundancy.
The oldest arithmetic in the universe
PCR is the one-seed doubling run as a machine: one becomes two becomes four, forty times over, until a single molecule has become more than a million million (2⁴⁰ = 1,099,511,627,776). Its whole principle is the lattice's first prime, two. The degenerate-probe count is a clean power of two as well — 8 = 2³ — the redundancy of the code counted in base-2. In this book, time is replication, and replication runs on the doubling.
Where this departs from current science
| Current science says | The Force of Time says |
|---|---|
| PCR is a convenient exponential amplification. | It is the one-seed doubling made a machine — base-2, the lattice's first prime. |
| The 8 coding possibilities are code-redundancy arithmetic. | 8 = 2³ — the redundancy counted in base-2, like every replication tally. |
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This paper, and any information drawn from it, may be used freely provided the reference attribution to Stephen Daubney and The Daubney Foundation is recognised.